The Principles of Behavioral Therapy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1258 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? Behavioral therapies are based on the theory of classical conditioning. The principle of behavioral therapy is all behavior is learned. Faulty learning (i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Principles of Behavioral Therapy" essay for you Create order conditioning) is the cause of anomalous behavior. The aim of the behavioral therapy is to focus on current behavioral issues and on efforts to remove the undesirable behaviors. Behavioral therapy has clear distinctions from psychodynamic therapy (re: Freud) who emphasizes on uncovering unresolved conflicts from childhood (i.e. the cause of abnormal behavior). Skinner and A. Bandura are well known behavioral theorists Skinner developed a theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938). The main principle of operant conditioning is changing environmental events that are related to a persons behavior. For example, the reinforcement of desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesired ones. Unlike Skinner, Bandura believed that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work. These mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine whether a new response is acquired. Therefore, individuals do not automatically observe the behavior of a model and imitate it. There is some thought prior to imitation, and this consideration is called mediational processes. This occurs between observing the behavior (stimulus) and imitating it or not (response) (Bandura, 1977) Examples of behavior therapy include: Systematic Desensitization, Aversion Therapy and Flooding. The theory of classical conditioning suggests a response is learned and repeated through immediate association. Behavioral therapies based on classical conditioning aim to break the association between stimulus and undesired response (e.g. phobia, additional etc.) Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization was developed by South African psychologist Joseph Wolpe. In the 1950s. Wolpe discovered that the cats of Wits University could overcome their fears through gradual and systematic exposure. The therapy is based on the principles of classical conditioning. The goals of systematic desensitization are to remove the fear response of a phobia and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning. (Wolpe, 1958) Treatment contains 3 phases: Phase 1 Learning a deep muscle relaxation technique and breathing exercises (control over breathing, muscle de tensioning or meditation). This step is very important because of reciprocal inhibition, where once response is inhibited because it is incompatible with another. For example in phobias, fears involves tension and tension is incompatible with relaxation. Phase 2 Forming a fear ladder starting at stimuli that create the least anxiety (fear) and building up in stages to the most fear-provoking images. The list is vital for building a therapy structure. For example, define the ultimate level-10 scary Phase 3 Working the way up the fear ladder starting at the least unpleasant stimuli with relaxation techniques. Once comfortable and no longer afraid with the step 1 of the fear ladder, gradually move on to the step 2. If the client becomes upset, they can return to an earlier stage and regain their relaxed state. The client repeatedly imagines (or is confronted by) this situation until it fails to evoke any anxiety at all, indicating that the therapy has been successful. This process is repeated while working through all of the situations in the anxiety ladder until the most anxiety-provoking. Exposure can be done in two ways: In vitro â€Å" the client imagines exposure to the phobic stimulus. In vivo â€Å" the client is actually exposed to the phobic stimulus. Research has found that in vivo techniques are more successful than in vitro (Menzies Clarke, 1993). Whether the fear is of elevators or public speaking, the basic principles of systematic desensitization are the same: 1. Define the ultimate level-10 scary 2. Define level-1 scary 3. Brainstorm and rank all points in between. 4. Assign the level-1 scariest as homework. 5. In a week, review the homework and assign level 2. Depending on the severity of the phobia, number of sessions can vary from 4 to 12. Once therapeutic goals are met (not necessarily when the persons fears have been completely removed), the therapy is considered to be successful. Practical Issues In vitro exposition depends on patients ability to to imagine the fearful object or situation. Some people cannot create a vivid image and thus systematic desensitization is not always effective Systematic desensitization is highly effective where the problem is a learned anxiety of specific objects/situations, e.g. phobias. It is not effective in treating serious mental disorders like depression and schizophrenia. Systematic desensitization treats only the observable and measurable symptoms of phobia, not symptoms not the causes of the phobia. Its a substantial weakness because cognitions and emotions are often the motivators of behavior and so the treatment is only dealing with symptoms not the underlying causes. Systematic desensitization may not work on social phobias and agoraphobia due to the fact that its usually originates from other psychological/biological issues vs learned behavior. (Lang, et.al., 1963) Flooding (Total Immersion) Flooding in its purest form involves forced, prolonged exposure to the actual stimulus that provoked the original trauma. (Wolpe, 1969) The idea of treatment phobia by exposure in feared situation was originally proposed by Freud in 1919. In the mid-1960s, Thomas Stampfl, pioneered a technique called implosion therapy to treat phobias, currently known as flooding. He discovered that after six to nine hours of detailed description of fearful situations, patients with phobia would most likely lose their fear. Stampfls research was later refined by Zev Wanderer, who used biofeedback machines to monitor patients listening to verbal descriptions of what they most feared. Using phrases that provoked the most intense phobic reactions, he was able to reduce session time to about two hours for the first session and half an hour of exposure during the second session. Tape recording of the sessions were used for daily homework. Systematic research on flooding under its current name pioneered in the late 1960s by Wolpe. According to Wolpe, flooding may in fact be the most rapid and effective of all available methods for treating phobias. (Wolpe, 1969) Skinner and Bandura are well known theorists . Skinner believes that behavior is Flooding works by exposing the patient directly to the phobic object or situation for an extended period of time in a safe and controlled environment. Unlike systematic desensitization which might use in vitro or virtual exposure, flooding generally involves in vivo exposure. The theory is based on the fact that fear is the time limited response, therefore, the patient may experience panic and extreme anxiety at first, but ultimately anxiety decreases due to exhaustion and patient has no choice but confront their fears. Subsequently, the fear which is anticipatory in the most cases is extinguished. Prolonged intense exposure eventually creates a new association between the feared object and something positive like a sense of calm and lack of anxiety. It also prevents reinforcement of phobia through escape or avoidance behaviors. ( Wolpe, 1969) Considering the fact that not all the patients are able to tolerate high levels of anxiety flooding can lead to re-traumatization and reinforcement of fear avoidance response. There is a narrow therapeutic window between facing fears and reaching anxiety limits. Flooding is not an appropriate treatment for every phobia. Wolpe (1960) reported the case of a client whose anxiety intensified to such as degree that flooding therapy resulted hospitalization. Its successfully used for aquaphobia, claustrophobia, PTSD and agoraphobia. The success of the method confirms the hypothesis that phobias are so persistent because the object is avoided in real life and is therefore not extinguished by the discovery that it is harmless. (McLeod, 2010)

Reflection Kids Are Different Today - 1458 Words

What was your favorite childhood toy? When my mother and I were asked that question, our responses were considerably different. My mother stated that her favorite childhood toy was her softball glove and softball, while I said that mine was my Nintendo Gameboy, circa 1989. If you were to ask a child today what their favorite childhood toy is, I would venture to guess that their answer would be quite different from those two already mentioned. Today, technology is not the only element that has affected change on children in today’s world. The article, â€Å"Kids Really Are Different These Days,† discusses how â€Å"Upper elementary children today, while retaining many of the characteristics ascribed to them generations ago by theorists such as†¦show more content†¦Confidence contributes to social development, and allows that child to be open to psychological well-being and higher self esteem, which creates positive or negative peer affiliation. According to Coy l, â€Å"Peer relations can promote social and emotional development or hinder it† (2009, p. 406). Negative or positive social situations can contribute to a child’s physical development. For example, if a child has a bad fight with a friend at school, they might come home and â€Å"stress eat† to make the situation temporarily feel better. This could contribute to child obesity causing poor physical development. Looking at a different aspect, another example would be the fact the children are so aware of body image, and feel that they might fit in better if they had an â€Å"ideal† body type. These factors can apply to some extent to elementary, middle level, and secondary age levels. An effective classroom is the key to students’ learning. In my future classroom, I want to apply these theories and keys to effective teaching in order to be a successful teacher. I feel it is important for a teacher to have that connection with their students, as well as the satisfaction received when their students understand and enjoy the material. I want my future classroom to be a comfortable environment for learning, and draw them into a world of learning. I plan on teaching the upper elementary and middle level grades. As a teacher, I will use myShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Self Reflection1726 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Reflection Personally, I love being involved in service learning projects, and when I learned we were working with kids, I was very excited. A lot can come out of a two and half hour project, both rewarding and something to grow on. Unfortunately, I could not be in attendance for the duration of the event due to a conflicting work schedule. This was the biggest conflict I saw for myself. I had to choose whether to go into work, or to stay and fully participate in our activities. AnotherRead MorePersonal Reflections on the Self1680 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Reflection on The Self Paper Marjorie Neal University of Phoenix CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class.  I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas, and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References sectionRead MoreBaby Boy834 Words   |  4 Pageschose this movie because I can kind of relate to the story being that I’m from California and I’ve seen a lot of the situations presented in the movie. Jody is in his early twenties and has two kids by two different women, Yvette and Peanut. He still lives with his mother and acts like he is still a kid, hence the name of the movie Baby Boy. Yvette considers Jody to be her man but he’s still messing around with his other baby mama Peanut, along with numerous other women. Jody and Yvett e are constantlyRead MoreGrounding A Child Versus Jailing An Adult1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthere? You know in jail.† Imagine if you would little guy, being stuck in a room only allowed to leave maybe three times a day for food,† continuing despairingly, â€Å" With nothing but your thoughts of what you are going to do when you get out.† The kid responding with a newly found sympathy for his older brother, â€Å"I understand and I’m sorry, I was grounded too just last week. I was so lonely.† There are many ways to punish a human being in this world but one that has lasted from diapers and bottlesRead MoreYouth and the Media Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagestechniques employed by the media to depict a social group in this case youth. A study by the Daily Mirror the NSW equivalent of The Sunday Mail Has shown alarmingly, approximately 90% of its articles in relation to youth are not positive reflections or representations (appendix 3: Youth and the Media, 1992). With such disturbing trends and statistics it is not only essential but vital that the public and you as the journalists of Australia understand the wide spread implicationsRead MoreIn any community, as in everyday life, many challenging issues can arise. In intercultural900 Words   |  4 Pages Often both forms of racism occur in the community. Unfortunately, several social and cultural factors reinforce these negative treatments of other and several actions must be taken to address these issues. My world, for example, includes many different cultures sharing one community. However the majority, like most American communities, is of a primarily American identity. The book notes that in intercultural communities, even those with a major identity, the group will typically desire to be inRead MoreEssay about The Negative Effect of Television on American Children988 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, the literacy rate in America has begun to fall at an alarming rate. A factor contributing to the problems in the literacy rate includes children’s exposure to television which has resulted in a shortened attention span during other activities. Today, children are less active because of technology such as television and video gaming and, as a result more children are suffering from obesity. Television has been in American Society since 1920’s and has gradually been spreading around the world.Read MoreThe Influence of LEAD Service Projects1021 Words   |  4 Pages Through completion and comparison of LEAD Service Projects, I have learned much about the community and myself. Through comparison, perception, leadership, and reflection we can see the validity of this statement. While comparing projects with Jarrett Jennings I recognized many similarities. We both gained more passion for our respective issues. We both want to continue to contribute to the communities and we understand the importance of staying involved. By helping at the Second Harvest FoodRead MoreImpact On Pop Culture960 Words   |  4 PagesPop culture is defined as a reflection of a mass population and their common likings. People tend to have similar likings based on their generations, those likings are considered part of pop culture. There are numerous amounts of studies that represent the effects of pop culture on specific groups of people. Through an economical standpoint, it can be noted how pop culture directly influences the way that an individual views themselves. 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Small Family Owned Business Free Essays

My assignment for the presentation on (small) family owned businesses was to research and share an organized piece on the international studies of the subject. After several days of searching the internet for appropriate studies, I had gathered enough data to put together a three part report. The three parts consisted first off of an intro, which I believed was enough to be considered its own part, just because of the extremely interesting point that family owned businesses are such a widespread commonality. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Family Owned Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second came the bulk of my research, the description of small family owned businesses under the laws of different countries, specifically those belonging to countries in Europe. Last but not least, I followed up with the importance of small family owned businesses’ impact on the overall economy of Europe, and how they applied. When you think of a small family owned business, you usually think of at least one local business you have known and have used your whole life whether a gas station, kebab imbiss, cafe, restaurant, or car dealership, etc. However, think about if everyone in the world named at least one such business. Many people would name the some of the same enterprises, but now you can imagine just how many small family owned businesses there are across the world. Because there are so many, not many reports exist that can contain the entire scope of every kind in every country, therefore, my report covers information regarding largely to european studies. Across Europe and in the United States, there is no widely accepted definition or legal description of a â€Å"family business†, however there are many criteria that if met by a small business, can be used to classify a business as such. Although each country has its own list of indicators, some countries use â€Å"common knowledge† to decide what constitutes a family business. This means that most countries simply use perception to differentiate a family business from a non-family business based on the interrelationship between family and enterprise that can obviously be observed like the active involvement of family members in the enterprise’s everyday activities. Few countries legal codes actually mention regulations in which small businesses are referred and partially defined, but can vary easily from each other such as the Austrian regional agricultural legislation stating â€Å"a family business defined as any autonomous economic entity regularly and sustainably providing for the farming family’s income† to the Italian Civil Code which describes family businesses as â€Å"enterprises in which members of the family unit work and have ownership. For most cases, instead looking for derelict, briefly mentioned bits of code referring to family business, a group of common â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† criteria has been identified(#3). Soft criteria includes: o family relations affect the assignment of the management o family indirectly runs the company o â€Å"major family influence/dominance† of the management (in terms of strategic decisions) o â€Å"significant proportion† of the enterprises’ senior management o â€Å"most important decision† made by the family o â€Å"family control† of the management of the enterprise at least 2 generations having had control over the enterprise Hard criteria includes more legitimate and quantifiable proof such as: o CEO has to be a family member o 1 family member is actively involved in the operative management of the company o More than 1 family member in the management o CEO and at least 1 management team member stems from the family o At le ast 2 directors/board members stem from the family o At least 3 board or staff members stem from the family o Majority of the management team stem from the family Or, in the case of Denmark, a family has control over the company: †¢ if it has 50 % of the shares, or †¢ if it has 50 % of the shares and a member of the family is the CEO In regards to impact on economy, although small family owned businesses seem like only a small part of the world economy, they actually make up quite a large percent of all enterprises. It is estimated that about 70-80% of businesses across Europe are family businesses, and of those, about 50% are small family owned businesses. Over all, small family owned businesses also contribute to about 40-50% of employment in Europe(#3). The following table(#3) shows elements of the definition of family business by country, gathered by several international studies on family business. What the previous table shows, is cross-national (European) minimum criteria for the ownership, control, or management of a company by a family according to FBN International 2007, Les Henokiens, European Group of Owner managed and Family Enterprises (GEEF), and PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP. 2007. Under FBN International 2007, and also according to the European Group of Owner managed and Family Enterprises, ownership is described as the direct or indirect majority of votes held by the founders, spouses, parents, children, heir, or persons having acquired the shares; control/management is described as at least one representative of family or kin present in the management. In contrast to those studies, Les Henokiens suggests that in order to hold ownership, a company must own the majority of shares for more than two hundred years; in regards to control/management the enterprise must be managed by a direct descendant of the founder. Another contrasting opinion to FBN International 2007 and the European Group of Owner managed and Family Enterprises, but perhaps not as extreme as Les Henokiens, is the study performed by PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP. 2007 which defines ownership as simply at least fifty-one percent of shares held by a family or related families, and control/management as a majority of the senior management team and the owners having a day to day responsibility for the management of the business. In conclusion, we can see that (small) family owned businesses are a huge contributing factor to the economy worldwide, but still remain a mostly ignored topic by most countries and their legal systems, which is interesting because one would think something so important would be more tightly regulated. I would like to thank my hard working group, and Ms. Fink for the opportunity to present this topic. Works Cited (I have numbered my sources to make identification easier within the report) 1. D, Jamie. â€Å"Running a Family Business Within the Law | SBA. ov. † Running a Family Business Within the Law | SBA. gov. U. S. Small Business Administration, 4 May 2010. Web. 5 May 2012. . 2. Elliott, Larry, and Julia Kollewe. â€Å"Germany’s Smaller Firms Emerge Intact from the Recession. † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 15 Mar. 2011. Web. 5 May 2012. . 3. Mandl, Irene. â€Å"Overview of Family Business Relevant Issues. † Ec. europa. eu. European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, 2008. Web. 5 May 2012. . 4. Winslow, CJ. â€Å"Welcome to FoodTronix. † Welcome to FoodTronix. Web. 5 May 2012. . How to cite Small Family Owned Business, Essay examples

Leadership and Style for Followers and Organizational Culture

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Style for Followers and Organizational Culture. Answer: Introduction The word leadership has a variety of images. One can be a political leader, school leader, business leader and many more. A leader helps others to choose the right path and take the right decision. They set a vision and a new direction, influence others to follow their direction and create something that is new and original. A transformational leader can change many lives and earn appreciation from others (Schoemaker, Krupp Howland, 2013). The report throws light on the qualities a successful leader should have along with the leadership theories including followers, organizational culture and change management. A good leader requires certain number of skills which help them interact positively with their followers. One needs to communicate succinctly and clearly with his/her followers to explain the goals of the organization (Smith et al., 2012). The report highlights the leadership skills of a most successful leader, Howard Schultz and how he became the man behind the most successful coffee brand of the world. In addition to this, the report contains few leadership qualities that would help someone gain knowledge on how to become a successful leader. Discussion Becoming a good and effective leader is not an easy thing. It is a time taking process. One needs to learn a lot and practice the leadership qualities until and unless he/she becomes a part of it. An effective leader must have certain qualities. Those are discussed here. Firstly, a leader must be able to succinctly and clearly communicate his/her ideas and opinions among the followers. He/she should always be available to discuss about issues and problems with his/her followers. Secondly, a leader should constantly motivate and inspire his/her followers in order to encourage passion and productivity (Johansen, 2012). Thirdly, a leader single handedly cannot achieve the goals of an organization. Constant help and support from the members is necessary. Fourthly, a leader has loads of responsibilities towards his/her followers. If a leader is ineffective, then he/she may have a chance of losing respect from the members. Therefore, a leader must not have commitment issues and be responsible towards the members (Robertson, 2016). Howard Schultz Modern day business professionals are aware of the fact that to achieve their goals, they must learn and adopt certain leadership skills. Such an inspirational leader is Howard Schultz, who changed millions of lives and encouraged many. Howard Schultz is the man behind the most successful coffee cup of the world. The Starbucks CEO started of being poor to creating billions, inspired us to dream bigger and better every day. Born to a poor Jewish family, on July 19, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York, Schultz had to face many hardships in his life (Drennan Richey, 2012). Schultz was just another employee when Starbucks had only four stores. He was sent to a trip to Italy for Starbucks, where he felt that the business Starbucks was in was wrong. When he returned, he was determined to change the business pattern. He was ready to introduce his new concepts, but the companys founder was a bit doubtful in the beginning (Leavy, 2016). After much convincing, his ideas and thoughts were applied, leading to the companys success. Howard poured his heart into the company. Even he faced many difficulties and went through the roughest period of his life. When his ideas were disregarded, he felt like he was being beaten and kicked out of the company. His dedication and perseverance pushed him to the success (Daft, 2014). His leadership skills Being a leader, Howard Schultz never lost his sight of humanity. In his opinion, most people can achieve bigger if they have determination and keep trying. Success should have an emotional meaning, otherwise it is very shallow. It must not be determined by how big a person becomes. One should have an emotional attachment with the word itself (Eisner, 2016). Entrepreneurs must love what they do. If a person dreams small, then he or she may achieve something less than there expectation and for many that is enough. But if someone wants to achieve something bigger with long lasting and widespread impact, he or she needs to dream bigger and bold (Leavy, 2013). How a companys owner treats his/her employees or subordinates is a major factor in this. A companys success depends on how a person is treating his/her subordinates. It should not be taken lightly as it acts as a powerful energizer that can take a company into something greater and huge. One should behave properly with his/her subordinates, conducting timely ceremonies and promotions which would energize the employees to work better (Dyer Gregersen, 2013). A leader must be responsible towards his/her employees and with constant motivation and encouragement; a company can achieve huge success. Moreover, one should believe in his/her own self. There are times when people summon great courage and take big decisions which others may oppose. One has to be a risk taker if he/she wants to achieve something greater. He/she has to believe in the path they are undertaking, while choosing the best and the right path for themselves. One has to be authentic and true and believe in them that the decision they took is going to work (Shahid Azhar, 2013). Not everyone can shape his/her destiny. When a person rises to the position of authority, he/she has loads of responsibilities. He/she has to keep an eye on a daily basis how the employees of the company are working, how the company is running, the reason of profits and losses. He/she must know where to run and where to stop by not leaving the employees behind (Dyer Gregersen, 2013). A leader must be honest and authentic. He/she must not hide things from any of the external public as well as internal public. This helps in gaining trust from both the sides. He/she should understand the level of transparency and vulnerability as it results in humility and truthfulness (Archbald, 2013). According to Schultz, a leader single handedly cannot achieve the goals of an organization. Constant help and support from the members is necessary. Therefore, a leader must be able to distribute the tasks and duties to each of his/her supporters, in accordance with their skill set. It will help the leader to focus or concentrate on other major tasks. Moreover, he/she should have a positive attitude towards his/her staff members. Moreover, a leader has loads of responsibilities towards his/her followers. If a leader is ineffective, then he/she may have a chance of losing respect from the members. Therefore, he/she must not have commitment issues and be responsible Most importantly, a leader must be trustworthy and be able to gain trust from his/her supporters. An open mind and a clear heart are very necessary in becoming a successful leader. Being honest and trustworthy would help him/her gain faith from the employees. Last but not the least; a leader must have a creative mind and be flexible in nature. Flexibility skills of a leader help him/her to accept whatever changes required at any point of time. Moreover, he/she must always be open to receive feedbacks and suggestions from his/her followers (Smith Lewis, 2012). As a business leader, ones quest should just not only be about winning and making money. It should always be about building a great and enduring company, with good and cooperative employees. Employees attitude play a vital role in the success of any company. A leader must be able to maintain a balance between social conscience and the companys profit. Moreover, a leader should be influential and have the ability to influence others (Jianfei, 2014). He/she must have a good charismatic attitude and personality which would influence the employees to follow their leaders path. Being a leader, one must be able to earn the respect and trust and build confidence of his/her subordinates by motivating them each and every time. A good leader must be enthusiastic and positive which will help him/her to motivate the subordinates. He/she must give the employees the opportunity to dream and achieve bigger because employees play a major role in the companys success (Fiore, 2012). Transformational leaders must give their subordinates the opportunity to solve problems which arises. This will help them become creative and stimulate innovative ideas. Also it will help the employees to voice their opinion and share their views without the fear of being punished or scold. An employee will get the opportunity to share his/her problems, if any. This will help the leader to understand their issues and he/she should mentor them by offering career counseling individually (Eisner, 2016). Schultz always believes in hiring the right people. If a person lacks dedication and confidence he/she can never help in the companys success. Therefore, a leader must have an eye for the right people. He/she must choose the members wisely, as the employees are the companys heart. According to Howard, a leader should know the importance of partnerships. Schultz believes finding a right partner for the company can help in creating brand awareness and in turn help in achieving the companys goals (Dyer Gregersen, 2013). In Schultz opinion, customers and employees are the pillars of any business. Employees must treat the customers nicely by giving them a personal touch, like greeting them or remembering the orders who are regular. If any miscommunication occurs between a customer and an employee regarding any order, the employee must rectify his/her mistake and replace or refund the order. Schultz also listens to his employees ideas and views. It led to the creation of Frappuccino which was invented by one of his employees (Jianfei, 2014). These qualities of Scultz made him one of the inspirational leaders today. Moreover, his respect for culture gained him much appreciation. One of his good qualities is encouraging diversity at workplace. According to him, a diverse workforce can be regarded as a reflection of changing marketplace and the world (Robertson, 2016). It is responsible for bringing in high values to any organization. Respecting differences of each and every individual proves to be beneficial at the workplace. It creates competitiveness and increases work productivity as well. Managing diversity benefits the associates by creating safe and fair environment where each and every employee has the access to opportunities as well as challenges (Daft, 2014). He believes that the effectiveness of team work depends on how the team members are working to achieve a common goal. In his opinion, good team members know how to maintain peace and harmony. It doesnt usually happen by accident. Huge amount of hard work, struggle, cooperation and commitment can result into a good team, which is the key to success (Smith Lewis, 2012). A team is productive if it is committed to a goal and the members are able to finish the goal by using its own resources. When a team is introduced to a goal, they should come forward and work as a single unit to finish the given task. Each of its members should be equally participating in the given task and share their efforts in order to get good results as it is essential for the teams success (Johansen, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, a leader must have certain qualities to influence his/her followers. He/she must be responsive towards his/her followers. Being a leader is not easy; he/she needs to think out of the box and choose the best option. A leader acts as an inspiration to many people. Therefore, he/she must provide constant support and motivation to the followers. Not everyone can become a leader without these skills. Good leaders help in creating a team to achieve a common goal or vision. In order to create a team, a leader at first must be able to understand the team dynamics. He/she needs to make sure that the team members have all the necessary abilities and skills to achieve the common goal for the companys success. Therefore, an effective leader requires all these qualities and skills; and it is actually very exciting in taking part in this wonderful journey. References Archbald, D. (2013). Vision and leadership: problem-based learning as a teaching tool.Journal of Leadership Education,12(2), 136-147. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Drennan, F. S., Richey, D. (2012). Skills-based leadership.Professional safety,57(2), 59. Dyer, J., Gregersen, H. (2013). The Secret to Unleashing Genius.FORBES,192(3), 96-+. Eisner, S. (2016). The" In-Factor": Signature Traits Of Innovation's Leaders.Journal of Applied Business Research,32(1), 185. Fiore, R. (2012). The entrepreneur's random walk.Journal of Applied Business Research,28(3), 403. Jianfei, X. (2014). Analysis of Starbucks Employees Operating Philosophy.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(6). Johansen, R. (2012).Leaders make the future: Ten new leadership skills for an uncertain world. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Leavy, B. (2013). Effectiveness at the topwhat makes the difference and why?.Strategy Leadership,41(3), 11-19. Leavy, B. (2016). Effective leadership todaycharacter not just competence.Strategy Leadership,44(1), 20-29. Robertson, J. (2016).Coaching leadership: Building educational leadership capacity through partnership. New Zealand Council for Educational Research. PO Box 3237, Wellington 6140 New Zealand. Rubin, E. N. (2013). Assessing your leadership style to achieve organizational objectives.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,32(6), 55-66. Schoemaker, P. J., Krupp, S., Howland, S. (2013). Strategic leadership: The essential skills.Harvard business review,91(1), 131-134. Shahid, A., Azhar, S. M. (2013). Power and culture of teamwork.Global Business and Economics Research Journal,2(3), 50-70. Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W. (2012). Leadership skills for managing paradoxes.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(2), 227-231. Smith, W. K., Besharov, M. L., Wessels, A. K., Chertok, M. (2012). A paradoxical leadership model for social entrepreneurs: Challenges, leadership skills, and pedagogical tools for managing social and commercial demands.Academy of Management Learning Education,11(3), 463-478.

BOOK REVIEW Essays (191 words) - Jay Leno, The Tonight Show

BOOK REVIEW The book I read was Leading With My Chin. The author is Bill Zehme. I enjoyed reading this book because of its excellent detail. I would definitely recommend this book to someone that is a Jay Leno fan or like to laugh a lot. This book talked about Jays past and all of the things he has accomplished in his long and fun filled life. It explained all the things that he did right and all the things that he did wrong. It talked about things that he would never say on television like his real name. I learned some things about him that I never knew. It also talked about his family and how he met his wife Mavi. He also talked about kids. And he said that he doesn't have any because he can't give them any attention. My cousin also has read half of the book and thoroughly enjoyed what he has read so far, and he is very anxious to finish the book. If I had to rate this book out of ten I would give it a nine because of its excellent details and humor.

Why Evolution is True Book Review Sample

Why Evolution is True Book Review Sample Why Evolution is True Book Review Example Why Evolution is True Book Review Example Throughout the history, scientists and thinkers made numerous attempts to resolve the mystery of the origin of life. Evidently, evolution has become a point of concern for many scientific and academic disciplines. At the same time, evolution can be viewed as a matter of ethics and philosophy. The following research is a critical reflection on a book by Jerry A. Coyne’s titled Why Evolution Is True. The Book Why Evolution Is True by Jerry A. Coyne In the introduction to his book, Coyne (2009) admits that no other scientific problem â€Å"has caused more fascination and fury† than evolution (p. 14). On the one hand, uniqueness of the changes that occur to the species and distinctness of features peculiar to each single organism dwelling on Earth can be regarded as the main reasons of ambiguities and discrepancies the issue of evolution can cause (Coyne, 2009, p. 14). On the other hand, the issue of evolution is fundamental in itself in a sense that hypothetically, it can give us an answer to eternal questions, such who we are, where we come from, and where we are going. In this regard, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) claims the following: â€Å"Evolution gives us the true account of our origins, replacing the myths that satisfied us for thousands of years. Some find this deeply frightening, others ineffably thrilling† (p. 14). The research by Jerry A. Coyne gives a detailed insight to different approaches towards understanding the evolutionary processes. Therefore, critical consideration of the points made by the author of the research and rationalizing from the main ideas of the research can be viewed as a means of better understanding the process of evolution as such. Speaking of evolution, the issue of how it is being treated by the communities across the world is important. Thus, the concept of evolutionism has evolved to denote a scientific tendency of being committed to the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin is referred to as the author of the theory of evolution. Darwin’s evolution theory views natural selection as one of the driving forces of evolution. The theory of evolution is opposed to the creationist theory. Creationism, in its turn, admits the fact that the origin of life and the diversity of species are merely the outcomes of some divine intervention. Coyne (2009) admits that evolution â€Å"is far more than a â€Å"theory†, let alone a theory in crisis† (p. 13). Developing this statement further, the researcher claims that â€Å"evolution is a fact† (p. 13). Considering the idea of evolution as it is understood in the modern society, Coyne (2009) admits the subjectivity of human perception of the evoluti onary processes in a sense that typically people tend to perceive the events, entities, and phenomena through the lens of their own vision, and evolution makes no exception in this particular case (p. 17). As far as the correlation between religion as such and creationism is concerned, the researcher asserts that creationism is only possible and makes sense merely within the framework of religion (Coyne, 2009, p.17). In this regard, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) claims that â€Å"enlightened religion has always found a way to accommodate the advances of science† (p. 19). At the same time, understanding the essence of the evolutionary processes may presumably broaden our recognition of the living world and the place human species takes in it (p. 20). Thus, the conflict between the creationist theory and the theory of evolution is, in its turn, described as follows: â€Å"the battle is a part of wider war, a war between rationality and superstition† (p. 13). It is possible to as sume that the author’s main idea is that reconsidering and exploring the key aspects of the theory of evolution, on the one hand, and creationism on the other, is one of the primary tasks of modern science, ethics, and philosophy. In the first chapter of his book Why Evolution Is True, titled â€Å"What Is Evolution† Jerry A. Coyne (2009) is reflecting upon evolution as a scientific notion (p. 3). It is worth noting that the author admits both simplicity of the term ‘evolution’, and scientific sophistication that characterizes it. Specifically, Coyne (2009) gives the following explanation of the theory of evolution: Life on earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species - perhaps a self-replicating molecule - that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over tie, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection (p. 3). To put it simpler, the theory of evolution is based upon six key principles, namely, evolution as such (as the gradual and constant evolvement of biological species, including all the possible consequences of the process), â€Å"gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change† (Coyne, 2009, p. 3). By evolution, in this case, a genetic change is also implied (Coyne, 2009, p. 3). The idea of gradualism illustrates that evolutionary processes are long-running (Coyne, 2009, p. 4). Diversity of species, including their distinctive features acquired in the course of evolution, and improbability of cross-species mutations have to do with the tenet of speciation (Coyne, 2009, pp. 4-6). The concept of common ancestry has to do merely with the idea of genetic reconstruction of the species already extinct for the purposes of disambiguating the diachronic interspecies relationships (Coyne, 2009, p. 8). Natural selection, while being a purely materialistic process, is addressed as one of the driving forces of the evolutionary process. At the same time, natural selection is counted among Darwin’s greatest â€Å"intellectual achievements† within the framework of the theory of evolution, being acknowledged also as the process that â€Å"doesn’t require creation or guidance by supernatural forces† (Coyne, 2009, pp. 10-11). Contemplating the essence of theory as such, Coyne (2009) arrives at the following conclusion: â€Å"For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be testable and make verifiable predictions† (p. 16). Testifying the truthfulness of the theory of evolution, Jerry A. Coyne provides the following evidences. First of all, the presence of fossil remains of ancient life; the researcher asserts the need of speciation in the fossil record, as well as the exploration of link between the species that are likely to have common ancestry; studying the genetic variations of traits of biological species; account of imperfection as an attribute of evolutionary change; watching the ways processes of natural selection manifest themselves in the wild (Coyne, 2009, pp. 18-19). Taking each of these aspects into consideration, the author of the research notes that the theory of evolution is by all means truthful. In the second chapter of the book Why Evolution Is True, titled â€Å"Written in the Rocks†, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) explores the role of the fossil record in the genetic reconstruction of species for the purposes of studying the diachronic interspecies relationships. It is worthy of note that the role of fossil record within the framework of genetic reconstruction of species for the purposes of studying the diachronic interspecies relationships is of great importance. However, the author of the research admits the incompleteness of fossil record (Coyne, 2009, p. 23). In this regard, Coyne (2009) admits: â€Å"†¦the fossil record gives no evidence for the creationist prediction that all species appear suddenly and then remain unchanged. Instead, forms of life appear in the record in evolutionary sequence, and then evolve and split† (p. 34). On the other hand, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) stresses upon the importance of studying the fossil record of the so-called transitional species, claiming that transitional species have spanned the gap between the organisms in the course of the evolutionary process (p. 36). Developing this statement further, the researcher states that the discovery of transitional forms between fish and amphibians in 2004 became a landmark within the framework of the evolutionary biology (Coyne, 2009, p. 38). The link between birds and reptiles, as explored and asserted by Charles Darwin, has been underestimated for a long time. On the contrary, nowadays it is viewed as one of the key arguments in favor of the theory of evolution (Coyne, 2009, p. 43). In the end of the chapter, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) resumes: â€Å"Darwinism predicts †¦ that new species will be modified versions of older ones. The fossil record amply confirms this prediction† (p. 57). In chapter 3, â€Å"Remnants: Vestiges, Embryos, and Bad Design†, the author of the research explores the various anatomic manifestations of the evolutionary processes in the living organisms. The chapter opens with a beautiful metaphor, explaining the nature of evolution. A metaphor is a reference to palimpsests, recycled manuscripts written on parchment and vellum: an initial text was scraped off the page, and a new one was written (Coyne, 2009, p 59). In such a way, according to Coyne (2009), the basic principles of evolution are working. Specifically, organisms are compared to the ancient texts and addressed in the research by Coyne as ‘the palimpsests of the evolutionary history’ (Coyne, 2009, p. 60). In this particular case, the term ‘the palimpsest of the evolutionary history’ is synonymous to anatomic manifestations of the evolutionary processes in the living organisms. According to Stephen Jay Gould, â€Å"these biological palimpsests are th e â€Å"senseless signs of history† (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 60). Vestiges, atavisms, dead genes, and so-called ‘bad designs’ are the main types of mutations, specifically, some specific changes that manifest themselves anatomically and/or physiologically in a living organism. Vestigial trait is commonly referred to as a specific feature that can be viewed as an adaptation that either has â€Å"lost its usefulness completely† or â€Å"has been co-opted for new uses† (Coyne, 2009, p. 61). Wings of an ostrich can be viewed as an example of a vestige (Coyne, 2009, p. 61). Atavism is closely connected with the concept of anomaly. The term vas derived from the Latin word ‘atavus’, meaning ‘an ancestor’ (Coyne, 2009, p. 68). Unlike a vestige, an atavism occurs as in an organism individually. A fifth toe in a horse and â€Å"coccygeal projection† in humans can be viewed as the example of atavisms (Coyne, 2009, pp. 69-70). Dead genes are typically termed as the â€Å"genes that once were useful b ut are no longer intact or expressed† (Coyne, 2009, p. 71). The concept of dead genes is closely related to the so-called â€Å"biogentic law†, formulated by Ernst Haeckel; â€Å"biogentic law† goes as follows: â€Å"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny† (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 83). Bad design proves that certain imperfection in a living organism are attributed to the evolutionary process. Laryngeal nerve of mammals, in this case, can be viewed as an example of â€Å"nature’s worst designs† (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 87). In chapter 4, â€Å"The Geography of Life†, Coyne (2009, p. 93) touches upon many aspects related to natural species. The author poses a question that makes everyone think of evolution from a different perspective: why some types of endemic species can be found over a certain territory, whereas others are not represented there at all. The distribution of species across the globe is for sure the matter of evolution. However, it cannot be always explained. It is a strange fact, but somehow similar climate and terrain cannot be appropriate for plants or animals that have much in common, but, none the less, are rather different. Darwin claimed that the distribution of species was caused not by the creation, but the evolution (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 96). Presumably, Darwin’s assumption is the most logical of all existing explanations, and, therefore, it is right. However, the theory does not provide the explanation for many questions such as a large distribution of some species and a very limited one of othera. The scientific achievements of the last century answer these questions. From a genetic and biological perspective no distribution could have been if there was no evolution (Coyne, 2009, p. 98). The author of the book provides numerous examples that refute all theories made regarding the geographic distribution except evolution. Although life of one person is not enough to see the substantial changes, one can notice that almost every living organism tries to adjust to new conditions, and the strongest of them becomes prosperous. Adaptation should be regarded as an aspect of evolution. Therefore, evolving different species that came from the same ancestor managed to occupy diverse territories, adapting to new conditions and, consequently, becoming different from what they initially were. If to consider this approach as correct, the diversity of speeches can also be explained by evolution. In chapter 5, â€Å"The Engine of Evolution†, Jerry A. Coyne addresses the concept of selection. In this regard, the author of the research admits: â€Å"Selection is not a mechanism imposed on a population from outside. Rather, it is a process, a description of how genes that produce better adaptations become more frequent over time† (Coyne, 2009, p. 127). Variability, the presence of some genetic basis for change, and affecting the probability of living offspring are the three main aspects of natural selection (Coyne, 2009, pp. 128-129). Animal and plant breeding, exploration of evolution at the molecular level in a laboratory setting, as well as observation of micro- and macroevolutionary changes in the wild, are the essential attributes of current studies. Evidently, the meaning of natural selection is exceptional within the framework of evolutionary process. The purpose of evolution, according to Coyne (2009) is â€Å"to explain how every adaptation evolved, step by step, from traits that preceded it† (p. 130). Taking all aforementioned facts into consideration, the author of the research draws the following conclusion: natural selection results in the adaptive evolution (Coyne, 2009, p. 155). At the same time, minor changes can potentially cause significant changes (Coyne, 2009, p. 155). In chapter 6, â€Å"How Sex Drives Evolution†, the author wants to imply that evolution is not just about adaptation (Coyne, 2009, p. 157). Analyzing the condition of a peacock, Coyne states that the animal manages to live and survive despite all claims of Darwinism. Therefore, Darwin made some oversight in his theory. There is no doubt that evolution makes nature and every living organism change. However, evolution is related not only to bearing the features of the ancestors and developing characteristics that would help to survive. Sexual dimorphism (Coyne, 2009, p. 159) proves to matter as well. The ‘peacock enigma’ is solved now. Although the long tail and bright colors at first sight seem to contradict the essence of evolution since these features involve wasting the energy and time and, therefore, reduce survival as make the males more noticeable for predators, the reality is different. These features brightly denote the essence of evolution as they are the way males adjusted to be differentiated from females so that those could pay attention to them. It makes one assume that sex and continuation of the family are needed for existence, and dimorphism became the evolution technique – two genders adapted to the fact that they need to be easily distinguished and deter the predators from the female and descendants. Evaluating the topic of sex, Coyne (2009, p. 169) concludes that pathogenesis on its own would not have been that evolutionary. When species reproduce sexually, the genes of both male and female are intertwined in the offspring. The absolutely unique genes appear, making their possessor somehow different from the rest of representatives. It is a pure aspect of evolution. All organisms are different in some way, especially those that reproduce sexually. They are not clones, but a result of evolution. In chapter 7, titled â€Å"The Origin of Species†, the author of the research emphasizes the importance of exploring the mechanism of both evolutionary changes and evolvement of new species (Coyne, 2009, p. 185). In this regard, the issue of understanding the nature of species as scientific notion is claimed to assert itself. Commenting on that particular matter Jerry A Coyne claims that evolution itself and speciation (as the process of disambiguating discrete groups of organisms/species) are of primary importance (Coyne, 2009, p. 185). Species, according Mayr, â€Å"a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups† can be termed as species (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 187). At the same time, species is an autonomous, envolutionary, and reproductive community (Coyne, 2009, p. 189). Classifying the extinct species, in this case, constitutes one of the most challenging issues of modern naturalism and genetics (Coyne, 20 09, p. 190). All in all, Jerry A. Coyne resumes that there is a great deal of resemblance between the biological speciation itself and ‘speciation’ of languages in a sense that â€Å"Like species, languages can diverge in isolated populations that once shared an ancestral tongue† (Coyne, 2009, p. 192). In chapter 8, titled â€Å"What About Us?†, Jerry A. Coyne gives an insight into the origin of human species. To put it simpler, the author describes briefly, but thoroughly, each of the species from which that human species could possibly evolve. Roughly speaking, Jerry A. Coyne outlines the history of our kin. The author of the research admits that human evolution provokes a heated discussion between the proponents of both the theory of evolution and creationism (Coyne, 2009, p. 209). Specifically, Coyne (2009) asserts that the vast majority of people are hardly exposed to accept the fact that our species descended from the apes (p. 192). In chapter 9, titled â€Å"Evolution Redux†, Jerry A. Coyne is contemplating the purposes of both evolutionary biology and theory of evolution (pp. 241-242). Thus, few statements of paramount importance are made. By asserting that evolution is true, one means that the main aspects, conceptions, and principles of Darwin’s theory of evolution are verified (Coyne, 2009, p. 243). Discrepancies and controversies of the theory of evolution are regarded as the weak points and are criticized by the proponents of creationism. Coyne’s response on that matter is as follows: â€Å"A science without controversy is a science without progress† (Coyne, 2009, p. 244). In my opinion, that is a rather fair observation. Finally, the author of the research admits that there is always a very huge possibility of gene instability (Coyne, 2009, p. 251). Taking all the aforementioned facts into consideration, it is possible to make the following conclusions. First of all, Jerry A. Coyne, in his book Why Evolution Matters, positions himself as a strong proponent of the theory of evolution. Throughout the history of evolutionary biology, discoveries of the links between fish and amphibians, birds and reptiles have become truly pivotal. The criticism of the theory of evolution on part of those, who adhere to creationist theory, consists merely in the fact that people tend to believe more in the origin of life as a Divine Providence, rather than a complicated and sustained biological process. Moreover, people tend to reject the idea of their biological ancestry as it is. Making attempts to justify the discrepancies and controversies of the theory of evolution, Coyne proves that controversies contribute to the development of science. Contemplating the purpose of scientific research on the whole, Jerry A. Coyen proves that evolution is by all means a matter of science (naturalism and genetics in particular). However, by doing so the author does not diminish the ethical, philosophical, and religious aspects of the theory of evolution. All things considered, the book can be classified as an important and credible source while studying different elements of the theory of evolution.

Point-of-Purchase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Point-of-Purchase - Essay Example Products and services must be developed that appeal to a mass of individuals. Common wants and needs that pertain to the social, regional, educational, economic, psycho- logical, national, or other group interest of a market segment must be recognized and translated into profitable opportunity. I am satisfied with this new product and I am going to buy it again and recommend to my friends. In general, point-of-purchase (POP) decisions are influenced by spontaneous desire to try a new product. POP is most effective where products can be differentiated, where demand is expanding, where hidden product qualities cannot be identified at the time of purchase, and where favorable company images or strong emotional buying motives exist. The purchasing process and the related acts of accumulation and consumption are means of achieving goals both of the purchaser and those he represents. The acts of accumulation and consumption indicate the differences between consumers and purchasers, and bet ween consumption and buying. Both industrial purchasing agents and "consumer purchasing agents" are essentially engaged in solving problems (Boone and Kurtz 2002). Another product selected for analysis is a new anti-aging crme by Clinique. Product is advertised by many local specialty shops and cosmetic departments through in-store ads and personal selling. This POP campaign annoys me because I do not use this brand and do not need this product. I suppose that this example shows that considerable confusion exists over the meaning of consumer wants and needs. In a most restricted sense, needs refer to things we cannot do without, items that are indispensable to life. Food, shelter, air, and water are needs in this absolute sense. For marketing purposes, however, this definition is much too narrow. Buyers are not totally inept or irrational in making purchases, particularly household purchases. Actually, consumers have become quite professional in some areas of consumption. Veritable purchasing agents, they often plan their purchases, especially of high-priced durable goods such as automobiles and washers and dryers. Information is important to them about the advantages and limitations of various types of items. I did not buy this product and will not recommend it to other people. This example shows that buyer behavior is also concerned with ways of reducing perceived risk. Two types of uncertainty inhere in product decisions. First, products may not be as functional or durable, or perform as well, as anticipated. Second, there is the risk of unfavorable product reflection on one's self image. Product risk is a function of the degree of product knowledge, the price of the product, product visibility, and the social significance of products and their newness (Crawford 2003). In many cases, POP campaign is ineffective and does not meet the needs and wants o manufacturers. However, for many products such as television, stereophonic components, and air conditioners, it should be noted that even given the technical information, consumers do not have the background necessary to interpret the data and make the wisest purchasing decisions. Purchase responses are shaped by communications which, in part, are controlled by the seller in the form of advertising and selling. But seller-dominated market communications do not furnish all the information necessary to satisfy the curiosity and needs of buyers.

Anishinnabe study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anishinnabe study - Assignment Example One of the steps of colonization was identified as being denial and withdrawal. The colonizers deny the availability of cultural and social beliefs for the indigenous people. The second step was denial or eradication. The colonizers destroy any representation of the local people. The third step is denigration of the existing cultural practices by establishing their structures and social systems in the colony. The fourth step is tokenism of the colonial remnants who survive the onslaught of the colonizers. Finally, there is transformation and exploitation. The traditional culture that refuses to die is transformed into the dominating culture of the colonial society The Indian act emerged from the consolidation of the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 and the Gradual Civilization Act 1857 in 1876. One of the changes in the Indian Act is the ban of Potlatch that was a ceremony of the coastal first Nations in the west. Another change is the 1951 amendments which enacted after the Second World War. The atrocities of the war were most effective on the aboriginal people in Canada. Another change on the Act was Bill C-31 and gender discrimination which aimed to minimize gender bias. According to Johnson, treaties were the instruments that gave Europeans the rights to share resources, build relationships and settle among the natives. He discussed issues of justice system, political divisions, reconciliation law and reconciliation among

Invasive Species Position Paper Grading Rubric Essay

Invasive Species Position Paper Grading Rubric - Essay Example Later these AHBs were found in Arizona, California and Southern parts of United States. AHBs are more adaptable to tropical regions where the abundance of flora is dependent on unpredictable rainfall. As an adaptability to this factor AHBs they frequently swarm to new habitats, reproduce rapidly with shorter developmental life cycles and survive even on sparse supplies of pollen and nectar. Economic threat: Essential need for honey bees to pollinate crops as well as honey production is the matter of great economic concern. Americans are known to consume about 275 million pounds of honey every year. In this context AHBs produce less honey and wax when compared to EHBs. They also produce less wax affecting the manufacture of candles, polish and floor wax. Due to frequent swarming and extensive hive abandoning nature they are less preferred in managed beekeeping industry. Ecological threat: i) They compete and displace local EHBs and other pollinators for nectar and pollen. ii) AHBs invade EHB hive and are capable of upsurging the hive and replacing the EHB queen. In a single generation the EHB matriline is eliminated and the entire EHB hive being Africanized (DeGrandi-Hoffman 2006). iii) Studies of DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA 2004) have shown that when EHB queens were inseminated with equal proportions of African and European drone sperms, the EHB queen preferred African sperms, producing on an average of about 70% AHB offspring. These factors may eventually decrease the abundance of other bee species which affects pollen harvest and reduce EHB progeny. Social threat: AHBs are more aggressive and sting in greater number on less provocation and respond to any disturbances such as loud noises, strong odors around the hive. They are able to sense threat within 100ft and track upto 1/4th a mile. A sting of a single bee releases a pheromone which stimulates other bees to agitate and attack. The sting of AHBs is know to cause anaphylactic shock. The venom of the bee triggers the release of histamine which can lead to vasodilation and loss of blood pressure. If the condition is not reversed within short time it may lead to death of the person due to shock. Methods of control AHBs are better pollinators when compared to EHBs as they emphasize on brood rearing and growth of the colony rather than honey production. Hence their complete elimination is not a wise option. Agricultural Research Service scientists along with groups like the American Beekeeping Federation, the American Honey Producers Association and the Apiary Inspectors of America have been entrusted with the job of finding the solution to the problem of AHBs in US. Two popular basic methods of control are i) Drone flooding: By limiting the possibility of Africanized drones mating with Europeans queens where commercial reared queen bee has a chance to mate with common honey bees. ii) Requeening: replacing queen of

The Style Of Quentin Tarantino Film Studies Essay

The Style Of Quentin Tarantino Film Studies Essay   Quentin Tarantino has his own distinctive style that mirrors his quirky vision of the universe. From the early Reservoir Dogs   to the stylish Pulp Fiction, Tarantino has challenged both viewers and the movie industry to look at the medium in a new way. His 2009 effort, the ultra-violent war film Inglorious Basterds, is a solid hit and every bit a Tarantino film. This paper discusses the film in general as well as its cinematography and editing. Discussion            Tarantino is a   director known for his love of film in general. He is knowledgeable about the medium and enjoys paying homage to it by sometimes filming scenes in a way that resembles works by other directors; or by putting a great many pop references in his film. This makes his films very hip, but it can also date them. However, because this film is set in a specific time and place-occupied France in 1944-these are quibbles.            Tarantino is also known for telling several stories simultaneously and bringing the threads together at the last moment to make a coherent whole. This is the structure of Pulp Fiction, in which three separate stories are told out of order: characters that are killed in one story show up later in the film, because that part of their story hasnt been told yet. At times its best to just sit back and let Tarantino do his thing and sort it out later.            Inglourious Basterds is just such a film: there are possibly three stories running simultaneously: the story of the Nazi Colonel Hans Landa and his hunt for Jews (Christoph Waltz); the Basterds themselves, led by Lt. Aldo Raine (Brad Pitt); and the Jewish girl Shoshanna Dreyfuss (Mà ©lanie Laurent), who works in the cinema that will be the setting for the films explosive (literally) climax. Critics are singling out Waltzs diabolical, cruel, witty, charming and perverse Colonel Landa as the best thing in the film; he won the Oscar as Best Supporting Actor for his work, along with almost every other award its possible for an actor to receive. That raises some unpleasant questions: Waltzs character is the representative of possibly the most despicable regime ever to disgrace humanity, so what does that say about audiences who find him attractive and funny? Landa becomes a sort of guilty pleasure, as well as an object lesson in the fact that evil can sometimes wear a very attractive face: There is nothing more disturbing than finding something commendable in a character you want so badly to condemn (Meadows).            The film is simple: Raines group of commandos has been dropped into occupied France with only one object: to kill Nazis. They do so, often with a baseball bat or other suitably unpleasant means, and scalp them (Tarantino). They also have a penchant for carving swastikas into their victims foreheads and their gruesome tactics have unsettled Nazi officers all the way up to Hitler.            The film has surprised   some audiences by its length and others because for a war film, it is surprisingly non-violent; the violence is extreme and gruesome but sparse and contained within a few set pieces. The rest of the film contains a lot of dialogue, which is a hallmark of Tarantinos work. He is in love with dialogue; he likes to explore human relationships and does so by letting his character literally speaks for themselves. People who complain that theres no enough action in the film seem to be missing the point. Berardinelli notes that the long dialogue scenes are merely priming the pump for the action that follows: With every sentence, the tension mounts. Tarantino uses these sequences to prime the audience, teasing them until the suspense is nearly unbearable, then releasing it in one explosive burst. The films editing includes title cards that identify each scene, an old fashioned technique that some critics like while others denigrate. Its the same technique that silent films pioneered, and it has the effect of making the film feel very literary, almost as if the audience has to read it like a book rather than watching it.            The cinematographer on the film is Robert Richardson, who was director of photography for Tarantino on both Kill Bill films; he has also worked on films like The Aviator and A Few Good Men as well as The Horse Whisperer, Casino and Snow Falling on Cedars   (MacGregor). If these films have anything in common, its that they have nothing in common, but in each case Richardson has brought to life their [the directors] most grandiose aspirations in a way that is unrivaled and incomparable (Ebenezer).            In this film, numerous critics have pointed to the scene which introduces Colonel Landa as a perfect example of Richardsons gifted cinematography; he works magic with the lighting and framing here as he does throughout the film (MacGregor). In this scene, Landa is questioning dairy farmer Perrier LaPadite, who is suspected of harboring Jews; as he continues to question the farmer, the camera circles the table moving closer and closer, as if it is tying up the farmer in invisible cords (MacGregor). When Landa orders his men to shoot through the floor, killing the Jews he knows are hidden there, its almost a relief because the tension is so high its unbearable. This is Richardsons skill; and it is on display throughout the film. The structure of the scene of course is Tarantinos; it is his direction. But Richardson has the skill to shoot it the way Tarantino wants it shot, so that it brings his vision to life. Richardsons use of color is extraordinary; for instance, in the scene where Landa comes to the farmhouse, the day is beautiful, clear and sunny; the sky is blue and birds are singing. And into the midst of this idyllic scene comes a monster. The juxtaposition of Landa with the beauty of his surroundings, especially as he then orders the murder of the hidden Jews, is brilliant. It reminds viewers that things are not what they seem, and that the potential for violence is ever-present. It can be argued that the United States today is one of the most violent societies on earth, but the threat of drive-bys, gang wars and shootings cannot compare to the terror of living under the Nazi occupation, where punishment for the slightest infraction was swift and brutal. When Landa pops up in the middle of the idyll ic scene, the day is ruined. Much of the rest of the cinematography is muted, sometimes suggesting old newsreels with washed out colors. This could indicate the age of Europe, or the draining effect of war; it makes Europe, which is beautiful, cold and harsh, in keeping with the mission the Basterds have undertaken. The New York Times also mentions the cinematography, though it is less complimentary than most to the movie overall. Dargis writes that whether or not a viewer likes the film has a lot to do with whether he or she can just groove on Tarantinos cinematic style, which includes his exuberant framing  and staging, his swooping crane shots, postmodern flourishes (Samuel L. Jackson in voice-over explaining the combustibility of nitrate prints) and gorgeously saturated colors, one velvety red in particular (Dargis). With regard to the films much-discussed opening scene in the farmhouse, Dargis calls it a marvel of choreographed camera movement and tightly coordinated performances. When the scene moves ins ide the building, Tarantino provides another homage: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the German soldiers outside are positioned within one of the windows, a shot that recalls the framing of an image in Monte Hellmans 1971 cult classic, Two-Lane Blacktop' (Dargis). Tarantino also gives a nod to a great Hollywood character actor of the 1950s, Aldo Ray, by naming his main character Also Raine; Also Rays widow served as a casting director on this film (Dargis). (For a delightful look at Aldo Ray, look at Were No Angels the original starring Ray, Humphrey Bogart and Peter Ustinov as three Devils Island escapees who are neither as tough nor as evil as they pretend to be.) As for the rest of the film, however, Dargis is less enthusiastic. She notes that the film is actually five set pieces, each organized around specific bits of business and conversations that increasingly converge (Dargis). The first chapter introduced Colonel Landa; the second brings in the Basterds while the third brings Shoshanna together with Joseph Gobbels (Dargis). The fourth chapter deals with the plot to kill Hitler and the final chapter is the destruction of the fire and the death of many of the characters (Dargis). While all this works, Dargis has trouble with Tarantinos use of slow dialogue scenes and she is particularly disquieted by Colonel Landa, whom she describes as charming and seductive (Dargis). A man who is the tool of a regime as repellant as National Socialism should have none of these qualities. And yet Landa has no equal in the film; he owns it, and that makes for some uneasy viewing (Dargis). Conclusion            Inglourious Basterds would be uncharacteristic for any other director but for Tarantino its merely the latest in a string of films that glorify brutality and make heroes out of the most unlikely people: hit men and Nazi colonels. Its also full of Tarantino trademarks: long dialogue scenes that lead up to shot, explosive action sequences; homage to other films; and a never-ending river of blood. He has also, as usual, played with film itself, using title cards that hark back to the days of silent films, and (mercifully!) having his German characters speak German, his Italians speak Italian, his Frenchmen speak French and so on. This means he has also subtitled some of the scenes, but again, this is a director who truly seems to love playing with the medium and all its capabilities. Whether a viewer will enjoy the film or not particular when it contains scenes of soldiers being beaten to death with a baseball bat and other horrific violence probably depends on whet her or not he or she is a Tarantino fan. If so, theyll know what to expect; if not, it can be a bit much. But all in all, the film has proven to be a solid success and another hit for a quirky filmmaker who breaks all the rules.

The History of Alcatraz Island Essay -- Alcatraz Federal Prison Jail E

The History of Alcatraz Island Alcatraz Island has quite a distinct history. Many people know that Alcatraz served as a federal prison, but most are reluctant to know that this island served as fort. Built before the Civil War, it served two main purposes. First, that it was to guard the San Francisco bay area from enemy ships against a foreign invasion, and second, to hold hostage prisoners of war or POW's as they were called. In this report, I'll show you how this fortress came to be a federal prison, why it is no longer in operation today, and most importantly, to show why it was built in the first place. When the great "Gold Rush" of 1849 first started, California grew from what would be considered a small, unpopulated state, into what it is now. California is now one of the most populated states and it was mostly the gold rush that brought attention to California. As the government saw all of this happening, they realized that California was much more important than they ever realized. In their realization, t hey decided that California must be protected. San Francisco has one of the largest bays in all of California, and so this was where enemy countries would most likely to try to invade the country. So this is where Alcatraz was to lie, to serve as a military fort. It was supposed to serve as a secondary base in companionship to another base located on the other side of Golden Gate Bridge. But with severe problems trying to build this other base, Alcatraz was to remain alone. "Out in the middle of the San Francisco Bay, the island of Alcatraz is definitely a world unto itself. Isolation is just one of the many constants of island life for any inhabitant on Alcatraz Island. It is the most reoccurring theme in the unfolding history of Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz Island is one of Golden Gate National Recreation Area's most popular destinations, offering a close-up look at a historic and infamous federal prison long off-limits to the public. Visitors to the island can not only explore the r emnants of the prison, but learn of the American occupation of 1969 - 1971, early military fortifications and the West Coast's first and oldest operating lighthouse. These structures stand among the island's many natural features - gardens, tidepools, bird nests, and bay views beyond compare." (1) Fortress Alcatraz ran in operation from 1850 - 1933. It served as San Fr... ...worth THIS?" We can either learn from what valuable lessons that were taught at alcatraz, or we can be ignorant and let it happen again. Alcatraz was considered hostile, cruel, and unjust, and it was. But there was a lesson to be taught, now if we don't learn that human life is the most precious gift that we take for granted, then Alcatraz was a good idea and it needs to be reinstated. But when you allow a man to lose his freedoms that our forefather fought for, with impunity, it is simply the worst thing to happen. Alcatraz was built for a good reason, it served for a good reason. Then it was transformed into "The Rock." Al! l the good that went into was lost. We as a country lost sight of what was important to us, and now if we don't learn from it, we are only asking ourselves for it again. Bibliography 1. The Alcatraz WWW Homepage, Yahoo Search Engine, 1996 2. Professor Clyde W. Richins, University of Michigan, 1990, Vol. 1 of "In the life of Alcatraz" pages 1944- 46 3. Doctor William M. Hellem, Medical Physician on Alcataz Island, 1983, Vol. 1 of "In the life of Alcatraz" pages 132-134 4.Lutenient George R. Hendershaw, Guard that seved on Alcatraz Island,