The Principles of Behavioral Therapy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1258 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? Behavioral therapies are based on the theory of classical conditioning. The principle of behavioral therapy is all behavior is learned. Faulty learning (i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Principles of Behavioral Therapy" essay for you Create order conditioning) is the cause of anomalous behavior. The aim of the behavioral therapy is to focus on current behavioral issues and on efforts to remove the undesirable behaviors. Behavioral therapy has clear distinctions from psychodynamic therapy (re: Freud) who emphasizes on uncovering unresolved conflicts from childhood (i.e. the cause of abnormal behavior). Skinner and A. Bandura are well known behavioral theorists Skinner developed a theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938). The main principle of operant conditioning is changing environmental events that are related to a persons behavior. For example, the reinforcement of desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesired ones. Unlike Skinner, Bandura believed that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work. These mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine whether a new response is acquired. Therefore, individuals do not automatically observe the behavior of a model and imitate it. There is some thought prior to imitation, and this consideration is called mediational processes. This occurs between observing the behavior (stimulus) and imitating it or not (response) (Bandura, 1977) Examples of behavior therapy include: Systematic Desensitization, Aversion Therapy and Flooding. The theory of classical conditioning suggests a response is learned and repeated through immediate association. Behavioral therapies based on classical conditioning aim to break the association between stimulus and undesired response (e.g. phobia, additional etc.) Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization was developed by South African psychologist Joseph Wolpe. In the 1950s. Wolpe discovered that the cats of Wits University could overcome their fears through gradual and systematic exposure. The therapy is based on the principles of classical conditioning. The goals of systematic desensitization are to remove the fear response of a phobia and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning. (Wolpe, 1958) Treatment contains 3 phases: Phase 1 Learning a deep muscle relaxation technique and breathing exercises (control over breathing, muscle de tensioning or meditation). This step is very important because of reciprocal inhibition, where once response is inhibited because it is incompatible with another. For example in phobias, fears involves tension and tension is incompatible with relaxation. Phase 2 Forming a fear ladder starting at stimuli that create the least anxiety (fear) and building up in stages to the most fear-provoking images. The list is vital for building a therapy structure. For example, define the ultimate level-10 scary Phase 3 Working the way up the fear ladder starting at the least unpleasant stimuli with relaxation techniques. Once comfortable and no longer afraid with the step 1 of the fear ladder, gradually move on to the step 2. If the client becomes upset, they can return to an earlier stage and regain their relaxed state. The client repeatedly imagines (or is confronted by) this situation until it fails to evoke any anxiety at all, indicating that the therapy has been successful. This process is repeated while working through all of the situations in the anxiety ladder until the most anxiety-provoking. Exposure can be done in two ways: In vitro â€Å" the client imagines exposure to the phobic stimulus. In vivo â€Å" the client is actually exposed to the phobic stimulus. Research has found that in vivo techniques are more successful than in vitro (Menzies Clarke, 1993). Whether the fear is of elevators or public speaking, the basic principles of systematic desensitization are the same: 1. Define the ultimate level-10 scary 2. Define level-1 scary 3. Brainstorm and rank all points in between. 4. Assign the level-1 scariest as homework. 5. In a week, review the homework and assign level 2. Depending on the severity of the phobia, number of sessions can vary from 4 to 12. Once therapeutic goals are met (not necessarily when the persons fears have been completely removed), the therapy is considered to be successful. Practical Issues In vitro exposition depends on patients ability to to imagine the fearful object or situation. Some people cannot create a vivid image and thus systematic desensitization is not always effective Systematic desensitization is highly effective where the problem is a learned anxiety of specific objects/situations, e.g. phobias. It is not effective in treating serious mental disorders like depression and schizophrenia. Systematic desensitization treats only the observable and measurable symptoms of phobia, not symptoms not the causes of the phobia. Its a substantial weakness because cognitions and emotions are often the motivators of behavior and so the treatment is only dealing with symptoms not the underlying causes. Systematic desensitization may not work on social phobias and agoraphobia due to the fact that its usually originates from other psychological/biological issues vs learned behavior. (Lang, et.al., 1963) Flooding (Total Immersion) Flooding in its purest form involves forced, prolonged exposure to the actual stimulus that provoked the original trauma. (Wolpe, 1969) The idea of treatment phobia by exposure in feared situation was originally proposed by Freud in 1919. In the mid-1960s, Thomas Stampfl, pioneered a technique called implosion therapy to treat phobias, currently known as flooding. He discovered that after six to nine hours of detailed description of fearful situations, patients with phobia would most likely lose their fear. Stampfls research was later refined by Zev Wanderer, who used biofeedback machines to monitor patients listening to verbal descriptions of what they most feared. Using phrases that provoked the most intense phobic reactions, he was able to reduce session time to about two hours for the first session and half an hour of exposure during the second session. Tape recording of the sessions were used for daily homework. Systematic research on flooding under its current name pioneered in the late 1960s by Wolpe. According to Wolpe, flooding may in fact be the most rapid and effective of all available methods for treating phobias. (Wolpe, 1969) Skinner and Bandura are well known theorists . Skinner believes that behavior is Flooding works by exposing the patient directly to the phobic object or situation for an extended period of time in a safe and controlled environment. Unlike systematic desensitization which might use in vitro or virtual exposure, flooding generally involves in vivo exposure. The theory is based on the fact that fear is the time limited response, therefore, the patient may experience panic and extreme anxiety at first, but ultimately anxiety decreases due to exhaustion and patient has no choice but confront their fears. Subsequently, the fear which is anticipatory in the most cases is extinguished. Prolonged intense exposure eventually creates a new association between the feared object and something positive like a sense of calm and lack of anxiety. It also prevents reinforcement of phobia through escape or avoidance behaviors. ( Wolpe, 1969) Considering the fact that not all the patients are able to tolerate high levels of anxiety flooding can lead to re-traumatization and reinforcement of fear avoidance response. There is a narrow therapeutic window between facing fears and reaching anxiety limits. Flooding is not an appropriate treatment for every phobia. Wolpe (1960) reported the case of a client whose anxiety intensified to such as degree that flooding therapy resulted hospitalization. Its successfully used for aquaphobia, claustrophobia, PTSD and agoraphobia. The success of the method confirms the hypothesis that phobias are so persistent because the object is avoided in real life and is therefore not extinguished by the discovery that it is harmless. (McLeod, 2010)

Reflection Kids Are Different Today - 1458 Words

What was your favorite childhood toy? When my mother and I were asked that question, our responses were considerably different. My mother stated that her favorite childhood toy was her softball glove and softball, while I said that mine was my Nintendo Gameboy, circa 1989. If you were to ask a child today what their favorite childhood toy is, I would venture to guess that their answer would be quite different from those two already mentioned. Today, technology is not the only element that has affected change on children in today’s world. The article, â€Å"Kids Really Are Different These Days,† discusses how â€Å"Upper elementary children today, while retaining many of the characteristics ascribed to them generations ago by theorists such as†¦show more content†¦Confidence contributes to social development, and allows that child to be open to psychological well-being and higher self esteem, which creates positive or negative peer affiliation. According to Coy l, â€Å"Peer relations can promote social and emotional development or hinder it† (2009, p. 406). Negative or positive social situations can contribute to a child’s physical development. For example, if a child has a bad fight with a friend at school, they might come home and â€Å"stress eat† to make the situation temporarily feel better. This could contribute to child obesity causing poor physical development. Looking at a different aspect, another example would be the fact the children are so aware of body image, and feel that they might fit in better if they had an â€Å"ideal† body type. These factors can apply to some extent to elementary, middle level, and secondary age levels. An effective classroom is the key to students’ learning. In my future classroom, I want to apply these theories and keys to effective teaching in order to be a successful teacher. I feel it is important for a teacher to have that connection with their students, as well as the satisfaction received when their students understand and enjoy the material. I want my future classroom to be a comfortable environment for learning, and draw them into a world of learning. I plan on teaching the upper elementary and middle level grades. As a teacher, I will use myShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Self Reflection1726 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Reflection Personally, I love being involved in service learning projects, and when I learned we were working with kids, I was very excited. A lot can come out of a two and half hour project, both rewarding and something to grow on. Unfortunately, I could not be in attendance for the duration of the event due to a conflicting work schedule. This was the biggest conflict I saw for myself. I had to choose whether to go into work, or to stay and fully participate in our activities. AnotherRead MorePersonal Reflections on the Self1680 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Reflection on The Self Paper Marjorie Neal University of Phoenix CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class.  I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas, and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References sectionRead MoreBaby Boy834 Words   |  4 Pageschose this movie because I can kind of relate to the story being that I’m from California and I’ve seen a lot of the situations presented in the movie. Jody is in his early twenties and has two kids by two different women, Yvette and Peanut. He still lives with his mother and acts like he is still a kid, hence the name of the movie Baby Boy. 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Small Family Owned Business Free Essays

My assignment for the presentation on (small) family owned businesses was to research and share an organized piece on the international studies of the subject. After several days of searching the internet for appropriate studies, I had gathered enough data to put together a three part report. The three parts consisted first off of an intro, which I believed was enough to be considered its own part, just because of the extremely interesting point that family owned businesses are such a widespread commonality. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Family Owned Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second came the bulk of my research, the description of small family owned businesses under the laws of different countries, specifically those belonging to countries in Europe. Last but not least, I followed up with the importance of small family owned businesses’ impact on the overall economy of Europe, and how they applied. When you think of a small family owned business, you usually think of at least one local business you have known and have used your whole life whether a gas station, kebab imbiss, cafe, restaurant, or car dealership, etc. However, think about if everyone in the world named at least one such business. Many people would name the some of the same enterprises, but now you can imagine just how many small family owned businesses there are across the world. Because there are so many, not many reports exist that can contain the entire scope of every kind in every country, therefore, my report covers information regarding largely to european studies. Across Europe and in the United States, there is no widely accepted definition or legal description of a â€Å"family business†, however there are many criteria that if met by a small business, can be used to classify a business as such. Although each country has its own list of indicators, some countries use â€Å"common knowledge† to decide what constitutes a family business. This means that most countries simply use perception to differentiate a family business from a non-family business based on the interrelationship between family and enterprise that can obviously be observed like the active involvement of family members in the enterprise’s everyday activities. Few countries legal codes actually mention regulations in which small businesses are referred and partially defined, but can vary easily from each other such as the Austrian regional agricultural legislation stating â€Å"a family business defined as any autonomous economic entity regularly and sustainably providing for the farming family’s income† to the Italian Civil Code which describes family businesses as â€Å"enterprises in which members of the family unit work and have ownership. For most cases, instead looking for derelict, briefly mentioned bits of code referring to family business, a group of common â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† criteria has been identified(#3). Soft criteria includes: o family relations affect the assignment of the management o family indirectly runs the company o â€Å"major family influence/dominance† of the management (in terms of strategic decisions) o â€Å"significant proportion† of the enterprises’ senior management o â€Å"most important decision† made by the family o â€Å"family control† of the management of the enterprise at least 2 generations having had control over the enterprise Hard criteria includes more legitimate and quantifiable proof such as: o CEO has to be a family member o 1 family member is actively involved in the operative management of the company o More than 1 family member in the management o CEO and at least 1 management team member stems from the family o At le ast 2 directors/board members stem from the family o At least 3 board or staff members stem from the family o Majority of the management team stem from the family Or, in the case of Denmark, a family has control over the company: †¢ if it has 50 % of the shares, or †¢ if it has 50 % of the shares and a member of the family is the CEO In regards to impact on economy, although small family owned businesses seem like only a small part of the world economy, they actually make up quite a large percent of all enterprises. It is estimated that about 70-80% of businesses across Europe are family businesses, and of those, about 50% are small family owned businesses. Over all, small family owned businesses also contribute to about 40-50% of employment in Europe(#3). The following table(#3) shows elements of the definition of family business by country, gathered by several international studies on family business. What the previous table shows, is cross-national (European) minimum criteria for the ownership, control, or management of a company by a family according to FBN International 2007, Les Henokiens, European Group of Owner managed and Family Enterprises (GEEF), and PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP. 2007. Under FBN International 2007, and also according to the European Group of Owner managed and Family Enterprises, ownership is described as the direct or indirect majority of votes held by the founders, spouses, parents, children, heir, or persons having acquired the shares; control/management is described as at least one representative of family or kin present in the management. In contrast to those studies, Les Henokiens suggests that in order to hold ownership, a company must own the majority of shares for more than two hundred years; in regards to control/management the enterprise must be managed by a direct descendant of the founder. Another contrasting opinion to FBN International 2007 and the European Group of Owner managed and Family Enterprises, but perhaps not as extreme as Les Henokiens, is the study performed by PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP. 2007 which defines ownership as simply at least fifty-one percent of shares held by a family or related families, and control/management as a majority of the senior management team and the owners having a day to day responsibility for the management of the business. In conclusion, we can see that (small) family owned businesses are a huge contributing factor to the economy worldwide, but still remain a mostly ignored topic by most countries and their legal systems, which is interesting because one would think something so important would be more tightly regulated. I would like to thank my hard working group, and Ms. Fink for the opportunity to present this topic. Works Cited (I have numbered my sources to make identification easier within the report) 1. D, Jamie. â€Å"Running a Family Business Within the Law | SBA. ov. † Running a Family Business Within the Law | SBA. gov. U. S. Small Business Administration, 4 May 2010. Web. 5 May 2012. . 2. Elliott, Larry, and Julia Kollewe. â€Å"Germany’s Smaller Firms Emerge Intact from the Recession. † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 15 Mar. 2011. Web. 5 May 2012. . 3. Mandl, Irene. â€Å"Overview of Family Business Relevant Issues. † Ec. europa. eu. European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, 2008. Web. 5 May 2012. . 4. Winslow, CJ. â€Å"Welcome to FoodTronix. † Welcome to FoodTronix. Web. 5 May 2012. . How to cite Small Family Owned Business, Essay examples

Leadership and Style for Followers and Organizational Culture

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Style for Followers and Organizational Culture. Answer: Introduction The word leadership has a variety of images. One can be a political leader, school leader, business leader and many more. A leader helps others to choose the right path and take the right decision. They set a vision and a new direction, influence others to follow their direction and create something that is new and original. A transformational leader can change many lives and earn appreciation from others (Schoemaker, Krupp Howland, 2013). The report throws light on the qualities a successful leader should have along with the leadership theories including followers, organizational culture and change management. A good leader requires certain number of skills which help them interact positively with their followers. One needs to communicate succinctly and clearly with his/her followers to explain the goals of the organization (Smith et al., 2012). The report highlights the leadership skills of a most successful leader, Howard Schultz and how he became the man behind the most successful coffee brand of the world. In addition to this, the report contains few leadership qualities that would help someone gain knowledge on how to become a successful leader. Discussion Becoming a good and effective leader is not an easy thing. It is a time taking process. One needs to learn a lot and practice the leadership qualities until and unless he/she becomes a part of it. An effective leader must have certain qualities. Those are discussed here. Firstly, a leader must be able to succinctly and clearly communicate his/her ideas and opinions among the followers. He/she should always be available to discuss about issues and problems with his/her followers. Secondly, a leader should constantly motivate and inspire his/her followers in order to encourage passion and productivity (Johansen, 2012). Thirdly, a leader single handedly cannot achieve the goals of an organization. Constant help and support from the members is necessary. Fourthly, a leader has loads of responsibilities towards his/her followers. If a leader is ineffective, then he/she may have a chance of losing respect from the members. Therefore, a leader must not have commitment issues and be responsible towards the members (Robertson, 2016). Howard Schultz Modern day business professionals are aware of the fact that to achieve their goals, they must learn and adopt certain leadership skills. Such an inspirational leader is Howard Schultz, who changed millions of lives and encouraged many. Howard Schultz is the man behind the most successful coffee cup of the world. The Starbucks CEO started of being poor to creating billions, inspired us to dream bigger and better every day. Born to a poor Jewish family, on July 19, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York, Schultz had to face many hardships in his life (Drennan Richey, 2012). Schultz was just another employee when Starbucks had only four stores. He was sent to a trip to Italy for Starbucks, where he felt that the business Starbucks was in was wrong. When he returned, he was determined to change the business pattern. He was ready to introduce his new concepts, but the companys founder was a bit doubtful in the beginning (Leavy, 2016). After much convincing, his ideas and thoughts were applied, leading to the companys success. Howard poured his heart into the company. Even he faced many difficulties and went through the roughest period of his life. When his ideas were disregarded, he felt like he was being beaten and kicked out of the company. His dedication and perseverance pushed him to the success (Daft, 2014). His leadership skills Being a leader, Howard Schultz never lost his sight of humanity. In his opinion, most people can achieve bigger if they have determination and keep trying. Success should have an emotional meaning, otherwise it is very shallow. It must not be determined by how big a person becomes. One should have an emotional attachment with the word itself (Eisner, 2016). Entrepreneurs must love what they do. If a person dreams small, then he or she may achieve something less than there expectation and for many that is enough. But if someone wants to achieve something bigger with long lasting and widespread impact, he or she needs to dream bigger and bold (Leavy, 2013). How a companys owner treats his/her employees or subordinates is a major factor in this. A companys success depends on how a person is treating his/her subordinates. It should not be taken lightly as it acts as a powerful energizer that can take a company into something greater and huge. One should behave properly with his/her subordinates, conducting timely ceremonies and promotions which would energize the employees to work better (Dyer Gregersen, 2013). A leader must be responsible towards his/her employees and with constant motivation and encouragement; a company can achieve huge success. Moreover, one should believe in his/her own self. There are times when people summon great courage and take big decisions which others may oppose. One has to be a risk taker if he/she wants to achieve something greater. He/she has to believe in the path they are undertaking, while choosing the best and the right path for themselves. One has to be authentic and true and believe in them that the decision they took is going to work (Shahid Azhar, 2013). Not everyone can shape his/her destiny. When a person rises to the position of authority, he/she has loads of responsibilities. He/she has to keep an eye on a daily basis how the employees of the company are working, how the company is running, the reason of profits and losses. He/she must know where to run and where to stop by not leaving the employees behind (Dyer Gregersen, 2013). A leader must be honest and authentic. He/she must not hide things from any of the external public as well as internal public. This helps in gaining trust from both the sides. He/she should understand the level of transparency and vulnerability as it results in humility and truthfulness (Archbald, 2013). According to Schultz, a leader single handedly cannot achieve the goals of an organization. Constant help and support from the members is necessary. Therefore, a leader must be able to distribute the tasks and duties to each of his/her supporters, in accordance with their skill set. It will help the leader to focus or concentrate on other major tasks. Moreover, he/she should have a positive attitude towards his/her staff members. Moreover, a leader has loads of responsibilities towards his/her followers. If a leader is ineffective, then he/she may have a chance of losing respect from the members. Therefore, he/she must not have commitment issues and be responsible Most importantly, a leader must be trustworthy and be able to gain trust from his/her supporters. An open mind and a clear heart are very necessary in becoming a successful leader. Being honest and trustworthy would help him/her gain faith from the employees. Last but not the least; a leader must have a creative mind and be flexible in nature. Flexibility skills of a leader help him/her to accept whatever changes required at any point of time. Moreover, he/she must always be open to receive feedbacks and suggestions from his/her followers (Smith Lewis, 2012). As a business leader, ones quest should just not only be about winning and making money. It should always be about building a great and enduring company, with good and cooperative employees. Employees attitude play a vital role in the success of any company. A leader must be able to maintain a balance between social conscience and the companys profit. Moreover, a leader should be influential and have the ability to influence others (Jianfei, 2014). He/she must have a good charismatic attitude and personality which would influence the employees to follow their leaders path. Being a leader, one must be able to earn the respect and trust and build confidence of his/her subordinates by motivating them each and every time. A good leader must be enthusiastic and positive which will help him/her to motivate the subordinates. He/she must give the employees the opportunity to dream and achieve bigger because employees play a major role in the companys success (Fiore, 2012). Transformational leaders must give their subordinates the opportunity to solve problems which arises. This will help them become creative and stimulate innovative ideas. Also it will help the employees to voice their opinion and share their views without the fear of being punished or scold. An employee will get the opportunity to share his/her problems, if any. This will help the leader to understand their issues and he/she should mentor them by offering career counseling individually (Eisner, 2016). Schultz always believes in hiring the right people. If a person lacks dedication and confidence he/she can never help in the companys success. Therefore, a leader must have an eye for the right people. He/she must choose the members wisely, as the employees are the companys heart. According to Howard, a leader should know the importance of partnerships. Schultz believes finding a right partner for the company can help in creating brand awareness and in turn help in achieving the companys goals (Dyer Gregersen, 2013). In Schultz opinion, customers and employees are the pillars of any business. Employees must treat the customers nicely by giving them a personal touch, like greeting them or remembering the orders who are regular. If any miscommunication occurs between a customer and an employee regarding any order, the employee must rectify his/her mistake and replace or refund the order. Schultz also listens to his employees ideas and views. It led to the creation of Frappuccino which was invented by one of his employees (Jianfei, 2014). These qualities of Scultz made him one of the inspirational leaders today. Moreover, his respect for culture gained him much appreciation. One of his good qualities is encouraging diversity at workplace. According to him, a diverse workforce can be regarded as a reflection of changing marketplace and the world (Robertson, 2016). It is responsible for bringing in high values to any organization. Respecting differences of each and every individual proves to be beneficial at the workplace. It creates competitiveness and increases work productivity as well. Managing diversity benefits the associates by creating safe and fair environment where each and every employee has the access to opportunities as well as challenges (Daft, 2014). He believes that the effectiveness of team work depends on how the team members are working to achieve a common goal. In his opinion, good team members know how to maintain peace and harmony. It doesnt usually happen by accident. Huge amount of hard work, struggle, cooperation and commitment can result into a good team, which is the key to success (Smith Lewis, 2012). A team is productive if it is committed to a goal and the members are able to finish the goal by using its own resources. When a team is introduced to a goal, they should come forward and work as a single unit to finish the given task. Each of its members should be equally participating in the given task and share their efforts in order to get good results as it is essential for the teams success (Johansen, 2012). Conclusion To conclude, a leader must have certain qualities to influence his/her followers. He/she must be responsive towards his/her followers. Being a leader is not easy; he/she needs to think out of the box and choose the best option. A leader acts as an inspiration to many people. Therefore, he/she must provide constant support and motivation to the followers. Not everyone can become a leader without these skills. Good leaders help in creating a team to achieve a common goal or vision. In order to create a team, a leader at first must be able to understand the team dynamics. He/she needs to make sure that the team members have all the necessary abilities and skills to achieve the common goal for the companys success. Therefore, an effective leader requires all these qualities and skills; and it is actually very exciting in taking part in this wonderful journey. References Archbald, D. (2013). Vision and leadership: problem-based learning as a teaching tool.Journal of Leadership Education,12(2), 136-147. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Drennan, F. S., Richey, D. (2012). Skills-based leadership.Professional safety,57(2), 59. Dyer, J., Gregersen, H. (2013). The Secret to Unleashing Genius.FORBES,192(3), 96-+. Eisner, S. (2016). The" In-Factor": Signature Traits Of Innovation's Leaders.Journal of Applied Business Research,32(1), 185. Fiore, R. (2012). The entrepreneur's random walk.Journal of Applied Business Research,28(3), 403. Jianfei, X. (2014). Analysis of Starbucks Employees Operating Philosophy.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(6). Johansen, R. (2012).Leaders make the future: Ten new leadership skills for an uncertain world. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Leavy, B. (2013). Effectiveness at the topwhat makes the difference and why?.Strategy Leadership,41(3), 11-19. Leavy, B. (2016). Effective leadership todaycharacter not just competence.Strategy Leadership,44(1), 20-29. Robertson, J. (2016).Coaching leadership: Building educational leadership capacity through partnership. New Zealand Council for Educational Research. PO Box 3237, Wellington 6140 New Zealand. Rubin, E. N. (2013). Assessing your leadership style to achieve organizational objectives.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,32(6), 55-66. Schoemaker, P. J., Krupp, S., Howland, S. (2013). Strategic leadership: The essential skills.Harvard business review,91(1), 131-134. Shahid, A., Azhar, S. M. (2013). Power and culture of teamwork.Global Business and Economics Research Journal,2(3), 50-70. Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W. (2012). Leadership skills for managing paradoxes.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(2), 227-231. Smith, W. K., Besharov, M. L., Wessels, A. K., Chertok, M. (2012). A paradoxical leadership model for social entrepreneurs: Challenges, leadership skills, and pedagogical tools for managing social and commercial demands.Academy of Management Learning Education,11(3), 463-478.